Global Journal of
Medicine & Public Health

ISSN : 2277–9604

Editorial Board

Editor in Chief

SM Kadri, MB;MPH/ICHD,
FFP Fellow, Public Health Foundation of India
Epidemiologist, Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kashmir, India
Member Research Board of Advisors for the American Biographical Institute (ABI), USA.
Medical Advisor to Gerson Lehrman Group's Council of Healthcare Advisors NY, USA.

Executive Editors

G Anita Heeren MBBS, MSc
Epidemiologist, PhD Independent Consultant for HIV and Health Promotion,
87 Ardmore Avenue; Lansdowne PA 19050, USA

Willie H. Oglesby, MSPH, PhD, FACHE
Assistant Professor of Health Policy & Management,
College of Public Health, Kent State University
PO Box 5190 Kent, Ohio 44242 USA

K. Srinath Reddy, MD,DM,MSc
President, Public Health Foundation of India
First Floor, ISID Campus, 4 Institutional Area
Vasant Kunj, New Delhi – 110070, India

Franklin M.M. White, MD,CM; MSc; FRCPC; FFPH
President, Pacific Health & Development Sciences Inc. Victoria BC
Adjunct Professor, School of Public Health & Social Policy, University of Victoria BC
Adjunct Professor, Community Health & Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS
PO Box 44125 – RPO Gorge, Victoria BC Canada V9A7K1

Associate Editors
Professor Andrew Burd MB ChB MD FRCSEd FHKAM Chief of Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT Hong Kong.	Andy Robertson CSC, MB,BS,MPH, MHSM,FAFPHM, FRACMA. Deputy Chief Health Officer Director, Disaster Management, Regulation and Planning ,Public Health Division ,Western Australian Department of Health, East Perth WA 6004 Australia
Peter H. Kay PhD Formerly: Head, Molecular Pathology Laboratory Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences The University of Western Australia	Naveed Zafar Janjua MBBS, MSc, DrPH Epidemiologist, BC Centre for Disease Control Clinical Assistant Professor, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia 655 West 12th Avenue Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4R4
Christos Lionis, MD, PhD, HonFRCGP Professor of General Practice and Primary Health Care Head of Clinic of Social and Family Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Crete, Greece	Chinmay Shah, MBBS,MD, PGDHM,FFCP,FFRI Asst. Professor, Dept. of physiology Asst. Co-ordinator met cell Govt. Medical college Bhavnagar. Gujarat. India
Mario R. Nacinovich Jr. MSc Editor in Chief, Journal of Communication in Healthcare Managing Director, AXON Adjunct Faculty, Boston University, USA	Sue Shea, BSc (Hons), PGDip, Psychologist and Researcher, Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Crete; School of Health and Social Care, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, UK
Stéphanie Patin MSc. Editor in Chief of Epidemiological News. Coordinator - Clinical and Epidemiological Research Program, GCS ETOILE, 60 Avenue Rockefeller, 69008, Lyon, France.	Emmanouil Symvoulakis, MD, PhD Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Greece
Anne Marie Plass PhD Senior Researcher Psychologist Netherlands Institute for Health Research (NIVEL). Otterstraat 118 – 124 3513 CR Utrecht,The Netherlands	Naheed Rana PhD, BSc (Hons) Epidemiologist and Public Health Intelligence, National Health Service (NHS)King Edward Hospital, Windsor, Berkshire, UK

Technical Editor
Elizabeth Lang Public Health Sciences, BS Public Policy Research Associate CA, USA

Editorial Board
Mohsen Abolhassani Professor of Immunology, Dept. of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran	Maryam Seif Hemed MD, MMed, MSc. Obstetrician and Gynecologist, Sexual and Reproductive Health Specialist, Focal Person Infection Prevention and Control, Medical Services Directorate African Union Commission PO Box 3243 Addis Ababa Ethiopia	Kashmira Nanji BScN, MSc, Dip, Clinical Trial Management. Senior Instructor (Research), Dept Family Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi
Saeed Akhtar, PhD Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Community Medicine & Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriya, Kuwait	C. R. Hemalatha, MSc. PGDBI Dept. of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra University. Chennai - 600116. Tamilnadu, India.	Morshed Nasir MBBS, MPhil Associate Professor, Pharmacology & Therapeutics Institute - Holy Family Red Crescent Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Maysa Ahmad Alkhateeb,RN, MPH Technical Field Coordinator/Project Assistant USAID, Health Strengthening Project II ,Formerly Faculty of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman,, Jordan	J Peter Figueroa MBBS, DPH, PhD, FFPH Professor of Public Health, Epidemiology and HIV/AIDS, Department of Community Health and Psychiatry, University of the West Indies, Mona,Kingston 7, Jamaica, West Indies	Asghar Nazeer Senior Epidemiology Specialist, Preventive Medicine Services Division, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
S. Arulrhaj M.D; FRCP Adjunct Professor of Medicine, Dr MGR Medical University, Chennai. Chair, Commonwealth Health Professions Alliance, UK. Chair & Head Acute Medicine, Sundaram Arulrhaj Hospitals, Tuticorin, India	Karine Balyan MD, MPH Senior Public Health Consultant 45 Hercules Seghers street 1072 LZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands	Purvish M Parikh MD, PhD President - Indian Society of Medical and Pediatric Oncology. Medical Oncologist and Hematologist - BSES Hospital. Managing Director - AmeriCares India Foundation. Convener - Indian Cooperative Oncology Network, 74, Jernai Wadia Road, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India.
Debra J Nanan ,BAppSc , MPH,Cert MIPH Public health research & development consultant, Vice-President & Coordinator Pacific Health & Development Sciences Inc. (PacificSci), 993 Portage Road, Victoria, Canada V8Z 1K9	Stephen John MD, MPH Adamawa State TB & Leprosy Control, Yola, Nigeria.	Mohammed Abdus Salam Director, Research Administration ICDDR,B, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani,Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
Prof.S.K.Bhargava MD, MD, DMRD, FIAMS, FUSI, FCCP, FICRI, FAMS Head, Dept of Radiology and Imaging, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda Hospital,Sharda University, Greater Noida (U.P), India	Nahrizul Adib Kadri PhD Managing Editor, Biomedical Imaging and Intervention Journal, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia	Abhay Saraf, MBBS, MD, DHM Head, Training Division, Program Director- CCEBDM, Public Health Foundation of India, Institute for Studies in Industrial Development. Vasant Kunj, New Delhi - 110 070 India
Sharon Chakkalackal MPH, BSc Community Health Systems Resource Group, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Canada	Reza Khodabakhshi MD, AFSA Radiation Oncologist and Onco-Geriatric Fellow, Oncology and Radiotherapy Unit of Fayazbakhsh Hospital SSO Khalijf Faz Ave, Tehran, Iran.	Jay n shah MS, FICS Professor of Surgery Surgery, Patan Hospital, Patan Academy of Health Sciences (PAHS) Lagankhel,Kathmandu, Nepal
Hrishikesh Chakraborty, Dr.PH Associate Professor, Dept. Epidemiology and Biostatistics. Director, Health Sciences Research Core, Arnold School of Public Health, The University of South Carolina. Columbia, SC 29208 ,USA	Jagdish Khubchandani, MBBS, PhD, MPH, CHES Associate Editor- Health Promotion Practice; Technical Editor- Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. Faculty Fellow- Global Health Institute. Assistant Professor, Dept. Physiology and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA	Prof.J.Shanmugam, M.D.,Ph.D.,D.Sc., FMSA.,FICPath,FABMS.,FIVS., Chairman,Research Council, SMV Medical College & Hospital, Madgadipet,Puducherry , India
Professor Emmanuel Chinedum Ibezim Professor of Pharmaceutics and Editor in Chief, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria	Senthil Paramasivam Kumar Associate Professor, Dept of Physiotherapy, Kasturba Medical College (Manipal University), Mangalore-575001.India	Constance Sibongile Shumba, M Sc PhD. Outcomes and Evaluation Advisor University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Uganda
Phil Compernolle, MSc, Development Studies Health Economist, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands	Joseph K. Konde-Lule, MBChB, DPH, MSc Associate Professor of Epidemiology, School of Public Health Makerere University P.O.Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda	Ousséni W. TIEMTOREE, MD, MPH. MSF OCA-Katanga Coordination Office, 8 Rue Boundy Quartier Golf, Lubumbashi. Democratic Republic of Congo
Vandana Sharma MD, MPH Senior Medical Scientist Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL) Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 30 Wadsworth St., Cambridge, MA 02142	Arturo Langa MD, MRC Psych Consultant Psychiatris, Lanarkshire Primary Care Trust. Editor, International Journal of Developmental Disabilities. Edinburgh. UK	Prof. Dr. Üner Tan, Honorary Member, Turkish Academy of Sciences, Senior Scientist, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
Ganesh Dangal, MD, FICS Senior Consultant, Obstetrics and Gynecologiy, Kathmandu Model Hospital Nepal	Sunil Mathur Ph.D. Associate Professor, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health University of Memphis Memphis, TN 38152, USA	Prof. Sudhakar Vaidya Editor in Chief World articles in ENT Head, ENT, R D Gardi Medical College Ujjain (MP) India
Theodoros A. Parasidis PhD Hellenic Center for Disease Control, RPHL of Eastern Macedonia & Thrace Region.Research collaborator at Laboratory of Hygiene, Medical School at Democritus University of Thrace.Alexandroupolis, 68100, Greece.	Anoop Misra Chairman, Chairman, Fortis-C-DOC Centre of Excellence for Diabetes, Metabolic Diseases and Endocrinology Fortis Hospital, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi,India	Panduka Wijeyaratne PhD Chairman, Tropical & Environmental Diseases and Health Associates (Private) Limited - TEDHA No.19, Skelton Gardens, Colombo 5, Sri Lanka
Prof. Madhu.C.Divakar BSc, M Pharm,PhD, PGDHRM Director Crescent college of Pharmaceutical sciences,Payangadi,Kannur, Kerala,India	Prof. Murthy PSN Professor and Head, Dept of ENT-HNS Dr.Pinnamaneni Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Foundation Chinnoutapalli, Andhra Pradesh, India	Chris Zielinski BSc (Dundee), MSc (Cranfield), MBCS WHO Regional Office for Africa Brazzaville, Republic of Congo

Aims and Scope of Journal

Global Journal of Medicine and Public Health is a peer reviewed, open access journal, with an international editorial board. GJMEDPH commits to rapid publication of articles in all fields of Medicine and Public Health. The types of article accepted include original manuscripts, review articles, case reports, and letters to the editor. Emphasizing evidence-based disease prevention and control, its scope also includes social and environmental approaches to public health. Clinical microbiology, immunology, pathophysiology, and genomic studies are also welcome.

Contact Editor: SM Kadri, Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, PO Box 1143, GPO Srinagar 190001, Kashmir, INDIA
Email : gjmedph@gmail.com

News Around the World

Diabetes cured in Dogs

The first successful application of Gene therapy has eliminated type 1 diabetes in dogs, the first time this treatment has worked to treat the disease in a large animal. Spanish researchers induced diabetes in beagles between 6 months and 1 year old. The dogs’ skeletal muscles were then injected with viruses carrying genes for insulin and glucokinase, an enzyme involved in processing glucose. Following treatment, the genes had been incorporated into the dogs DNA which allowed them to regulate their own blood sugar levels without medical intervention. Furthermore, it was established that the synergistic action between the genes is needed to regulate blood sugar levels as Dogs injected with viruses carrying only the gene for insulin or only the gene for glucokinase continued to have symptoms of diabetes. During exercise the Dogs showed no sign of episodes of hypoglycemia. This study has been an incredible discovery for potential therapeutic treatment of diabetes type 1 but caution must be taken in applying this directly to humans as the dogs’ diabetes was induced by chemically by destroying pancreas cells that produce insulin. In naturally occurring type 1 diabetes the immune system destroys the insulin-producing cells. Nevertheless, this study provides the first proof-of-concept in a large animal model for a gene transfer approach to treat diabetes. David Callejas et al, 2013. Treatment of Diabetes and Long-term Survival Following Insulin and Glucokinase Gene Therapy Diabetes published ahead of print February 1, 2013. Click Here

DNA of a Bully

Adolescent rats are also vulnerable to childhood trauma, becoming aggressive and pathologically violent later in life. A team of researchers at the Brain Mind Institute in Lausanne, Switzerland found evidence of altered brain activity and epigenetic changes in the pre-frontal cortex of adult rats that had undergone traumatic experiences as adolescents. This study offers advancement in our understanding of the impact the environment has on behavior and the shape of our brains. By understanding the underlying neuro-biological mechanism and association between early-life trauma and adult pathological aggression in rats, we can potentially identify treatments for controlling violent behaviour. The team exposed 28- to 42-day-old adolescent rats to fox odor or exposed them to bright light for a few minutes every day for 7 days. The rats who were exposed to such stressful stimuli grew up to become “bullies,” and were violent towards any new rat introduced to their cage. Control rats that were not exposed to this stimuli as adolescents were significantly less aggressive towards new rats when they became adults. Rats exposed to fearful stimuli in adolescence also showed anxiety and depression-like behaviors in adulthood and showed increased activity in the amygdale (the part of brain associated with fear responses). These rats also exhibited reduced activity in a part of the pre-frontal cortex which has been linked to aggression and violence in humans. Another notable pattern in the adult rats who were exposed to stress as adolescents was hormonal imbalances such as high testosterone and low corticosterone levels, which are associated with increased aggression and violence in humans. Key epigenetic changes were observed in the pre-frontal cortex, the brain region involved in social behavior and conduct. Specifically, alterations in histone acetylation in the promoter region of the gene for monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) was noted, which leads to enhanced expression of the enzyme. MAO-A is known to break down serotonin which is a neurotransmitter contributing to general feelings of well-being and happiness. Interestingly, when an inhibitor of MAO-A was injected into the “bully” adult rats, the animals became less aggressive suggesting the potential to pharmacologically reverse the childhood abuse-induced aggressive tendencies in adults. The stress protocol only impacted young adolescent rats; the same stress protocol on healthy adult rats did not generate similar behavioral changes. This suggests that trauma early in life, but not in adulthood can impede the neural programming and physiology which manifests as aggression in later adult life. It is important to appreciate the potential value of developing programs and research initiatives which could provide treatments for those individuals who have experienced stress and victimisation early in life. C. Marquez et al., 2013. Peripuberty stress leads to abnormal aggression, altered amygdala and orbitofrontal reactivity and increased prefrontal MAOA gene expression. Translational Psychiatry, 3: e216; doi:10.1038/tp.2012.144. Click Here

What do we really know about Cannabis?

Marijuana use has been on the increase over the years. On the one hand this drug has been demonized as a “gateway drug”, yet on the other hand it holds medicinal value. The number of people in the United States who admit to smoking pot has risen from 14.4 million in 2007 to over 18 million in 2011 (US Department of Human Health and Services). The lack of definitive data linking marijuana to lung damage may in part responsible for the increase in smoking. Several epidemiological studies have been unable to link cannabis and cancer risk due to small sample size and poor study design. But some suspect that such a link does not exist, and that marijuana may even have cancer-preventive effects. Another study has suggested that smoking marijuana may reduce the risk of tobacco-associated lung cancer; those people who smoke both marijuana and tobacco have a lower risk of cancer than those who smoke only tobacco. However, the long term lung damage may still be undetected in studies to date. There has been evidence linking years of regular marijuana use to deficits in memory, learning, and concentration. A long term study led by researchers at Duke University examined the IQs of New Zealanders followed since birth found that cannabis users who had started their habit in adolescence had lower IQs than non-users. However, re-analysis and simulation studies of this data by researchers in Oslo challenged the findings, suggesting that socioeconomic factors contributed to the lower IQs, not marijuana use. However, the vast number of studies in both humans and animals suggest that people who develop a marijuana habit in adolescence face long-term negative impacts on brain function and neurophysiological decline. In contrast users who begin smoking in adulthood are generally unaffected. Compromising intelligence isn’t the only risk associated with smoking marijuana, several studies suggest that smoking raises the risk of schizophrenia. MRI can be used to detect cannabis-associated neuron damage in the pre-frontal cortex and found that it was similar to brain changes seen in schizophrenia patients. Other studies suggest that weed-smoking schizophrenics have greater disease-associated brain changes and perform worse on cognitive tests than their non-smoking counterparts. But much of this research can’t distinguish between brain changes resulting from marijuana use and symptoms associated with the disease. In contrast, other research suggests that cannabis-using schizophrenics score better on cognitive tests than non-using schizophrenics. In addition to tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a neurotoxic cannabinoid that is responsible for marijuana’s mind-altering properties, the drug also contains a variety of non-psychoactive cannabinoids, including cannabidiol (CBD), which can protect against neuron damage. A study has shown that the volume of the hippocampus (an area of the brain important for memory processing), is slightly smaller in cannabis users than in non-users, but more CBD-rich marijuana countered this effect in conjunction with other substances, such as tobacco, alcohol, or cocaine are of great concern, with some studies suggesting that marijuana may increase cravings for other drugs, leading to its infamous tag as a “gateway drug.” Furthermore, marijuana may not mix well with prescription drugs, as cannabis causes the liver to metabolize drugs more slowly, raising the risk of drug toxicity. We remain unclear as to the long-term risks of marijuana and some say “If we were to see major brain damage, we would have seen it by now”. Chen AL et al, 2008 Hypothesizing that marijuana smokers are at a significantly lower risk of carcinogenicity relative to tobacco-non-marijuana smokers: evidenced based on statistical reevaluation of current literature. J Psychoactive Drugs. 40(3):263-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19004418 Hashibe M et al, 2005. Epidemiologic review of marijuana use and cancer risk. Alcohol: 35(3):265-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16054989 Meier MH, et al, 2012. Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 109(40):E2657-64. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1206820109. Epub 2012 Aug 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22927402 Hermann D et al, 2007. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex N-acetylaspartate/total creatine (NAA/tCr) loss in male recreational cannabis users. Biol Psychiatry.: 61(11):1281-9. Epub 2007 Jan 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17239356 Rabin RA, Zakzanis KK and George TP, 2011. The effects of cannabis use on neurocognition in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 128(1-3):111-6. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.02.017. Click Here

Impact of the One-Child policy in China

A study published in Science reports on how siblings help each other become more trustworthy, conscientious, and optimistic individuals. The study explored causal relationships between being a single child and how one behaves by investigating people born in Beijing just before or just after the introduction of the One-Child Policy, which was introduced in 1979. The research revealed a number of personality differences in adulthood most likely attributable to the presence or absence of siblings, suggesting that children born under China’s One-Child Policy exhibit more negative personality traits. Thus far there has been no research around this controversial policy and whether it has actually had an impact on people. Professor Cameron, who led the research said “There have been calls for the abolition of the policy on the basis of [that generation having] poor social skills”. Most research indicates minimal personality effects of being an only child, whilst studies done in other countries have found that only children are very much like other children. However, said Professor Cameron, comments that parents who choose to have an only child may differ from those who chose to have many, be it in their parenting style, personality, genetics, or other attributes. “You can’t get a clean measure of what it means to be an only child,” she said. “If you just compare only children with others, what you end up identifying is the effect of being an only child plus the effect of family background”. Since the One-Child Policy removes parents’ choice, it eliminates the family-background variable, Cameron explained, thus being able to isolate the effect of being an only child. This study was designed to explore a range of personality indicators through participants playing a simple economics game, which involved the exchange of money between anonymous participants. The results of the study showed that people born after the introduction of the policy were less trusting, less trustworthy and more pessimistic but also less competitive, less conscientious and more risk-averse. Previous studies have relied on questionnaires and observations of children’s behavior which are considered weak measures. The method used in this study offers the opportunity to identify a persons preferences and their real behavioral tendencies rather than asking hypothetical questions. The study provides support to those campaigning for the abolition of the One-Child Policy and a scientific basis to debate. L. Cameron et al., “Little Emperors: Behavioral Impacts of China’s One-Child Policy,” Science, doi: 10.1126/science.1230221, 2013. Click Here

The Dream Decoder

Researchers at the ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories in Kyoto are investigating the elusive question in neurobiology - why people dream? By predicting visual imagery in dreams based on functional MRI scans of brain activity during sleep would help to understand the function of dreaming. The research team recorded dream appearances of 20 key objects, such as “male” or “room,” and used a machine-learning algorithm to correlate those concepts with the fMRI images to find patterns that could be used to predict what people were dreaming about without having to wake them. More than 200 dream reports were analysed, together with 30–45 hours of interviews with each of three participants. This information was used by the to build a “dream-trained decoder” based on fMRI imagery of the V1, V2, and V3 areas of the visual cortex. Researcher, Kamitani explains “We find some rule, or mapping, or pattern between what the person is seeing and what activity is happening in the brain,” to predicting whether or not the 20 objects occurred in dreams with 75–80 percent accuracy. However, some neurobiologists comment that the algorithms used were quite primitive, only providing a small number of clues about the dream’s content, although acknowledging this research as a tool to uncover the science behind dreaming. The Japanese team will continue to increase the complexity of the decoder and explain that in this study researchers focused on nouns representing visual objects, but going forward, they will include other models to include verbs to “add some action aspects in the dream”. Additional benefit from the decoder is that it may provide clues deduced from the fMRI images which could jog participants’ memories, since dreams are much like fragile memories. The research will assist in understanding which areas of the brain are processing; the researchers found that areas of higher-level visual processing, which respond to more abstract features, were more useful for interpreting dream content than lower-level processing areas (which are more closely connected to the direct input from the retina). The mystery of how a virtual world is created during sleep remains unsolved, but much research is ongoing in unraveling this phenomena. Yoichi Miyawaki et al., 2008. Visual Image Reconstruction from Human Brain Activity using a Combination of Multiscale Local Image Decoders. Neuron 60(5) pp. 915 – 929. Click Here

Guilty Neurologist

A University of Wisconsin neuroscientist was found guilty of falsifying Western blots as part of his stroke research, and has requested the retraction of two papers. According to a notice in the Federal Register published in January 2013, neuroscientist Rao M. Adibhatla falsified experimental results in two published papers and three unfunded grant applications. The Office of Research Integrity (ORI) found that Adibhatla had falsified Western blots representing the expression of particular phospholipids in the brain in a rodent model of stroke. He also committed research misconduct by falsifying quantitative and statistical data obtained from purported scans of the films. Part of Adibhatla’s research studied the effect of cerebral ischemia on phospholipid homeostasis in an experimental animal model (SHR rat) of stroke during the course of reperfusion of the ischemic cortex. The falsified Western blot images and derivative quantitative data describe changes in levels of sPLA2-IIAA, CCT[alpha], and of PLD2 during reperfusion in the ischemic cortex. He also claimed a bar graph demonstrating PLD2 expression in a time course after ischemia was the average of four Western blots, when in fact it was from a single Western blot. The ORI concluded that the results “cannot be substantiated by the actual experiments.” Adibhatla agreed to request the retractions of the two papers in question, one published in 2006 in the Journal of Biological Chemistry, cited 62 times according to ISI Web of Knowledge, and the other in 2007 in Brain Research, cited 33 times. Click Here

Diabetes cured in Dogs

The first successful application of Gene therapy has eliminated type 1 diabetes in dogs, the first time this treatment has worked to treat the disease in a large animal.

Spanish researchers induced diabetes in beagles between 6 months and 1 year old. The dogs’ skeletal muscles were then injected with viruses carrying genes for insulin and glucokinase, an enzyme involved in processing glucose. Following treatment, the genes had been incorporated into the dogs DNA which allowed them to regulate their own blood sugar levels without medical intervention. Furthermore, it was established that the synergistic action between the genes is needed to regulate blood sugar levels as Dogs injected with viruses carrying only the gene for insulin or only the gene for glucokinase continued to have symptoms of diabetes. During exercise the Dogs showed no sign of episodes of hypoglycemia.

This study has been an incredible discovery for potential therapeutic treatment of diabetes type 1 but caution must be taken in applying this directly to humans as the dogs’ diabetes was induced by chemically by destroying pancreas cells that produce insulin. In naturally occurring type 1 diabetes the immune system destroys the insulin-producing cells. Nevertheless, this study provides the first proof-of-concept in a large animal model for a gene transfer approach to treat diabetes.

David Callejas et al, 2013. Treatment of Diabetes and Long-term Survival Following Insulin and Glucokinase Gene Therapy Diabetes published ahead of print February 1, 2013. Click Here

The “God Particle” has been found!

Scientists at the Cern research centre in Switzerland reveal they have found a new subatomic particle that could be the Higgs boson. The finding marks a breakthrough in understanding of the fundamental laws that govern the universe.

Professor Peter Higgs, 83, the retired British physicist from the Edinburgh University, hit on the concept of the eponymous mechanism in 1964. Prof Higgs gave his name to the elusive "God particle" that scientists believe they have found. The Higgs boson gives matter mass and holds the physical fabric of the universe together. Observations so far show the discovery looks and acts like the long-sought particle that has eluded scientists for 50 years. Finding the Higgs boson is vital to the Standard Model, the theory that describes the web of particles, forces and interactions which make up the universe.

There has been development over the years of the technology of building machines at higher and higher energy, and the Large Hadron Collider is the one which has been energetic enough and also intense enough in terms of the particle beams to do it.

The discovery has been described as "momentous" and "a milestone". But the results are preliminary and more work is needed before scientists can be sure about what they have captured.

Click Here

DNA Methylation Linked to Memory Loss

Scientists find that declining DNA methylation in mouse neurons may cause age-related memory deficits.

There is an increase in research connecting changes in epigenetic regulation of gene expression to the aging process. Many studies demonstrate that DNA methylation declines with age but now the expression of a specific DNA methyltransferase has been linked to memory formation.

Researchers have shown that levels of an enzyme that attaches methyl groups to cytosine nucleotides throughout the genome is linked to cognitive decline, and that its overexpression can restore performance of aging mice on memory-related tasks.

Researchers at the Department of Neurobiology, University of Heidelberg Germany monitored Dnmt3a2 expression in 3-month-old and 18-month-old mice, and found lower levels of Dnmt3a2 in the older mice. Furthermore, learning tasks designed to stimulate hippocampus neurons failed to upregulate Dnmt3a2 expression in old mice as robustly as in young mice.

Boosting Dnmt3a2 expression enhanced both brain methylation in the older mice, and their ability to learn. Conversely, when the researchers used short hairpin RNA to knockdown Dnmt3a2 expression in young mice, their performance on learning and memory tests worsened.

Previous studies have suggested a connection between loss of DNA methylation and Alzheimer’s disease, suggesting that if researchers could restore methyltransferase activity and cure or delay dementia, it could make a potential model for developing drugs to tackle age-related cognitive diseases.

Click Here

Patent Rights to Prenatal Tests

Four companies who have developed noninvasive genetic prenatal tests are fighting over who has the patent rights to the revolutionary techniques.

This year has seen the arrival of three revolutionary, noninvasive tests for analyzing the DNA of a fetus, and a fourth expected to become available in the next few months. These new tests can detect genetic abnormalities, such as Down syndrome and other common trisomies as early as 10 weeks into the pregnancy, representing a potential market of more than $1 billion. With such high financial stakes, the four companies that have made these tests available are currently involved in a legal battle over who can patent the underlying technique, which involves scanning maternal blood for fetal DNA.

Click Here

Doggy bugs may prevent Asthma

Mice become immune to a virus associated with childhood asthma when exposed to dust from homes that have dogs.

The dust from homes with dogs appears to confer an advantage to the youngest members of the household. Mice who were fed dog-home dust before being exposed to a common infant infection called respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which is associated with a high risk of developing asthma, appear to be immune to the virus compared to mice fed on normal house dust.

The team from the University of California announced its findings at the American Society for Microbiology General Meeting in June and revealed that the immune mice also had “a distinct gastrointestinal bacterial composition”. This study suggests that dogs carry certain microbes which may take residence in the gastrointestinal tract of the mice and play a role in modulating the immune response to RSV. Further research could potentially pave the way for new vaccines for respiratory viruses.

Click Here

The wandering mind.

There is growing evidence to support the notion that a wandering mind is a more creative mind. Numerous studies have shown that anxiety leads to the exact opposite of the freewheeling mindset you need to create something original, Instead of focing yourself to concentrate the best approach when a deadline looms may be to take a quick break, By monitoring Alpha brainwaves associate with a relaxed mindset, sciebtists found that people in a relaxed mood were more likely to find creative solutions to word puzzles. Even listening to jokes helps.

Click Here

Analytic thinking challenges religious belief.

There are many people with religious convictions who feel their faith is concrete. However, a new study found that prompting people to engage in analytical thinking caused their religious beliefs to waver, even if only a little. Researchers say the findings have potentially significant implications for understanding the cognitive underpinnings of religion.

Psychologists often carve thinking into two broad categories: intuitive thinking, which is fast and effortless and analytic thinking, which is slower and more deliberate. Both kinds of thinking have their strengths and weaknesses. More recently there has been a greater consensus among scientists that many religious beliefs are grounded in intuitive processes.

Click Here

The MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS REPORT 2012 Major Accomplishments and Shortfalls.

The MDG Report 2012 was launched in New York by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon on July 2, 2012. Several MDG targets have been met well ahead of the 2015 target date. The report states that meeting remaining targets remains possible if Governments keep their commitments made over a decade ago. Obviously this includes both recipient and donor nations.

Highlights of the Report:

Extreme poverty is falling in every region including Sub- Saharan Africa.

The poverty reduction target was met: the global poverty rate at $1.25 a day fell in 2010 to less than half the 1990 rate. If confirmed, the first target of the MDGs— cutting extreme poverty to half its 1990 level—will have been achieved at the global level well ahead of 2015.

The world has met the target of halving the proportion of people without access to improved sources of water: the proportion of people using an improved water source rising from 76 per cent in 1990 to 89 per cent in 2010.

Improvements in the lives of 200 million slum dwellers exceeded the slum target: The share of urban residents in the developing world living in slums declined from 39 per cent in 2000 to 33 per cent in 2012. This achievement exceeds the target of significantly improving the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers, well ahead of the 2020 deadline.

The world has achieved parity in primary education between girls and boys: Many more children are enrolled in primary school, especially since 2000. Girls benefited the most. The gender parity index value of 97 falls within the margin of error for 100.

Many countries facing the greatest challenges have made significant progress towards universal primary education. Enrolment rates of primary school age children increased markedly in sub-Saharan Africa, from 58 to 76 per cent between 1999 and 2010.

Child survival progress is gaining momentum. Despite population growth, the number of under-five deaths worldwide fell from more than 12.0 million in 1990 to 7.6 million in 2010.

Access to treatment for people living with HIV increased in all regions. At the end of 2010, 6.5 million people were receiving antiretroviral therapy for HIV or AIDS in developing regions. This total constitutes an increase of over 1.4 million people from December 2009, the largest one-year increase ever. The 2010 target of universal access, however, was not reached.

The world is on track to achieve the target of halting and beginning to reverse the spread of tuberculosis. Globally, tuberculosis incidence rates have been falling since 2002, and current projections suggest that the 1990 death rate from the disease will be halved by 2015.

Global malaria deaths have declined. The estimated incidence of malaria has decreased globally, by 17 per cent since 2000. Over the same period, malaria-specific mortality rates have decreased by 25 per cent. Reported malaria cases fell by more than 50 per cent between 2000 and 2010 in 43 of 99 countries with ongoing malaria transmission.

These accomplishments notwithstanding, there remain major shortfalls:

Inequality detracts from these gains, and advances have slowed: Achievements are unequally distributed across and within regions and countries. Moreover, progress has slowed for some MDGs after the 2008-9 economic crisis and related consequences.

Vulnerable employment has decreased only marginally over twenty years. Defined as share of unpaid family workers and own-account workers in total employment, this fell to 58 per cent from 67 per cent two decades earlier. Women and youth remain the most vulnerable.

Decreases in maternal mortality are far from the 2015 target. Despite improvements, progress is still slow. Reductions in adolescent childbearing and expansion of contraceptive use have continued, but at a slower pace since 2000 than over the decade before.

Use of improved sources of water remains lower in rural areas. While 19 per cent of the rural population used unimproved sources of water in 2010, the rate in urban areas was only 4 per cent. Nearly half of the population in developing regions still lack access to improved sanitation.

Hunger remains a global challenge. 850 million people lived in hunger in the 2006-8 period, 15.5 per cent of the world population. This continuing high level reflects lack of progress on hunger in several regions, even as income poverty decreased. Progress is slow in reducing child undernutrition. Close to one third of children in Southern Asia were underweight in 2010.

The number of people living in slums continues to grow. Despite a reduction in the proportion of urban populations living in slums, the absolute number continues to grow from a 1990 baseline of 650 million. An estimated 863 million people now live in slum conditions.

Gender equality and women’s empowerment remain key challenges. Gender inequality persists and women continue to face discrimination in access to education, work and economic assets, and participation in government. Violence against women continues to undermine efforts to reach all goals.

REFERENCE:

United Nations. The Millennium Development Goals Report 2012. New York 2012.

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Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM) receives $1.6 billion Shot in the Arm

The Global Fund (GFATM) expects to have an additional $1.6 billion to fund projects in 2012-2014, its new General Manager Gabriel Jaramillo announced on May 9, a turnaround from a funding freeze last year. The money includes funds from new donors, from traditional donors who are advancing their payments or increasing contributions and from some donors, such as China, that have offered to support projects in their own country to free up cash for more pressing needs elsewhere.

Last November a lack of donor funds prompted the Global Fund to scrap new grants until 2014, triggering a crisis for agencies working to tackle AIDS around the world. Donor governments were strapped for cash after the financial crisis, but some also balked at reports that funds were being misused in four countries that received grants from the Global Fund and temporarily suspended their contributions.

By December 2011, the Fund had approved funding of $22.6 billion for more than 1,000 programs in 150 countries, providing AIDS treatment for 3.3 million people, anti-tuberculosis treatment for 8.6 million people and 230 million insecticide-treated nets for the prevention of malaria.

Reforms will prioritize 20 "high impact" countries that account for 70 percent of the global burden of the three diseases and receive 70 percent of the Fund's grants. The first $616 million of the new money will be put to work as soon as the grant requests have been reviewed by the Fund's Technical Review Panel and approved by the board. The Fund said it would consult countries and its partners on how to use the remaining $1 billion most effectively.

Source: Tom Miles; Editing by Michael Roddy; Reuters May 9, 2012.
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Global Drinking Water Goal Met Five Years Ahead of Target

The Millennium Development Goals (MDG) drinking water target, which calls for halving the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water between 1990 and 2015, was met in 2010, five years ahead of schedule.

However, the job is far from finished. Many still lack safe drinking water, and the world is unlikely to meet the MDG sanitation target. Continued efforts are needed to reduce urban-rural disparities and inequities associated with poverty; to dramatically increase coverage in countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania; to promote global monitoring of drinking water quality; to bring sanitation ‘on track’; and to look… towards universal coverage.

Source: UNICEF & WHO. Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: 2010 Update. Released 2012.
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World Malaria Status Improves

World Malaria Status reveals impressive gains in intervention coverage and reductions in malaria morbidity and mortality. WHO estimates that the number of malaria cases has fallen by more than 50% in 43 countries over the past decade. Eleven countries in Africa have shown a reduction of more than 50% in either confirmed malaria cases or malaria admissions and deaths in recent years. In Asia, four countries saw a decrease in the number of malaria cases of more than 50% since 2000.

Source: HLSP Institute. Health and Development Global Update. July 2011. Click Here

Discovery – DNA scars in Children.

Researchers show Childhood stress (including violence, bullying and physical abuse) can leave scars at the DNA level! The team at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina used data collected from the Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study to provide support for a mechanism linking cumulative childhood stress to telomere maintenance (P=0.015).
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The Big Bioinformatics Boom!

Job prospects within computational biology, also known as bioinformatics are growing as pharmaceutical and biotech industries start to think big with bigger datasets. The availability of enormous genomics data to explore links between specific genotypes and diseases and then screening drug data to identify therapeutic candidates has attracted attention in California's Silicon Valley area (US). Russ Altman, a professor of bioengineering, genetics, and medicine and director of the biomedical informatics training program at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California.

Said “It's not big pharmaceutical companies driving the demand there, he says, but small biotech companies who've realized they can capitalize on the enormous amount of publicly available health and genomics data” (Price, M; Science Careers, April 2012).
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THINK TWICE

THINK TWICE before using Cocaine or lose twice the brain volume each year as non-drug users. A new study by neuroscientists at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom shows those addicted to Cocaine lose twice the brain volume each year as non-drug users. "We are an aging society as it is," says Karen Ersche, behavioral neuroscientist at the University of Cambridge, "If our young people are aging prematurely due to drug abuse, the public health implications could be huge."
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GET OUT!

Ming (Frances) Kuo, an associate professor of natural resources and environmental sciences, directs the Landscape and Human Health Laboratory at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Ming Kuo has been studying attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (A.D.H.D.) and found that children’s A.D.H.D. symptoms were systematically better after spending time in green places. In fact, the peak effect of a dose of nature can be as much as the peak effect of stimulants. In the Netherlands, medical records show that the rates of disease are lower for people who have more green space within a quarter mile or so of their home (adjusting for socio-economic factors). People in greener places are healthier; out of 24 major categories of disease (including heart disease, asthma, anxiety disorders and clinical depression) 18 were more rare in greener areas and no categories were more prevalent in greener areas. Kuo recommends, “Go outside! Your brain, your immune system and your body will thank you.”
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Another big step towards winning the battle with Cancer.

CD47 a new, validated target for cancer therapies could be the answer to shrinking or curing human breast, ovary, colon, bladder, brain, liver, and prostate tumors. The continuing efforts of biologist Irving Weissman and team of the Stanford University School of Medicine in Palo Alto, California have shown that treatment using an antibody (anti-CD47) obstructs a "do not eat me" signal normally displayed on tumor cells, enabling the immune system to destroy the cancer cells. The anti-CD47 anitbody therapy initiated in mice inhibited tumour growth and prevented or treated metastasis (Willingham SB, et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2012)
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Music improves health

A scientific study by Chelsea and Westminster Hospital has found that music can improve our health. Patients who listened to live music needed less drugs and recovered more quickly than those who didn’t. Dr Rosalia Staricoff, who was involved in the study, says: "The physiological benefits have been measured. Music reduces blood pressure, the heart rate, and hormones related to stress."
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The Public Health Association of South Africa (PHASA)

The Public Health Association of South Africa (PHASA) wants to build an association of those involved in health and health-related activities to promote greater equity in health in South Africa. PHASA advocates equitable access to the basic conditions necessary to achieve health for all South African as well as equitable access to effective health care. PHASA will work with other public health associations and related organizations and advocate on national and international issues that impact on the conditions for a healthy society.

For more information: www.phasa.org.za

Epidemiological News for professionals

Epidemiological news for professionals only, publishes information on the epidemiology sector. The objective of "Epidemiological News" is to facilitate the dissemination of information within the network dedicated to the epidemiology. The epidemiologist’s network is composed of a variety of qualified professionals such as researcher, research technician, statisticians, scientific staff, vigilance responsible, toxicologist, study manager, doctor, hygienist, veterinary, pharmacist, student in public health. Network members are located all over the world. For more information, Click Here

IMPROVING HEALTH CARE IN COMMUNITIES
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